Microphone Types and Uses

We know that picking a microphone can be difficult. To make that choice easier, we’ve explained the major categories of microphone by transducer type - or the way they convert acoustic energy into electrical energy.

1. Condenser Microphones

2. Dynamic (dynamic moving coil) Microphones

3. Corrugated Ribbon Microphones

Condenser Microphones

• A condenser microphone has two small plates with voltage between them (hence the need for 48V phantom power). The front plate that faces the performer acts as the diaphragm, moving when it is impacted by acoustic energy and changing the space between the two plates. This movement creates a proportional electrical signal. But what does this mean for you?

• Pros: Significantly less mass in the moving parts = good transient response, higher sensitivity to dynamics, extended frequency range, linear frequency response

• Cons: More easily damaged, needs phantom power,  expensive, complexity,

• What would I use this microphone for? Vocals, acoustic guitars, strings, brass

• Our Mic: MXL 770 cardioid condenser microphone. This has been our workhorse microphone since day one. We find that it has a great frequency response curve and can handle any recording project. We have successfully used it for vocals, guitars, horns, and more. Starting at about $120 on Amazon including a shock mount. 

• For further reading, see Nuemann.

Dynamic Microphones

• A dynamic microphone has a diaphragm that is attached to a small coil of wire. When the diaphragm is impacted by acoustic energy, it vibrates in a magnetic field created by a battery within the microphone, creating a proportional electrical signal.

• Pros: Simple design, least expensive, works without phantom power, good longevity, durable

• Cons: Heavier moving parts = poor transient response, limited frequency range, non-linear frequency response, design usually requires larger mass/size

• What would I use this microphone for? Given the durability and insensitivity to high amplitudes, Dynamic microphones are often used for loud sound sources or environments (stage settings, drums, cabinets).

• For further reading, see Neumann.

Corrugated Ribbon Microphone

• A ribbon microphone operates in the same way that a dynamic microphone does, with a magnetic field that is changed proportionally to the acoustic energy when the diaphragm moves. The Ribbon microphone sets itself apart with the folded shape of its diaphragm.

• Pros: Natural frequency range and response, exceptional off axis characteristics, captures even small pressure variations

• Cons: Expensive, easily damaged, low output requires specialized microphone pre-amp, not appropriate for high SPL situations, not suitable for outdoor use (wind)

• What would I use this microphone for? The particularly natural frequency response makes the Ribbon microphone great for vocal and string applications, being wary of any high SPL environments.

• For further reading, see AEA Ribbon Mics.